Sunnyvale's water doesn't come from one place. The city blends treated surface water with local groundwater, and the two don't share a chemistry. Valley Water puts the average hardness of its treated surface water under 120 mg/L, while groundwater across Santa Clara County averages over 250 mg/L, and anything above 180 mg/L sits in the very hard band on its own scale. Hard water leaves scale, scale narrows pipe, and corrosion starts where the deposits sit. It usually surfaces as a pressure complaint years before it surfaces as a leak.
Then there's the age of the housing. Homes plumbed in the postwar decades got galvanized steel, which nobody expected to still be in service in the 2020s. Plenty of it was partly replaced along the way, so a galvanized run downstream of newer copper is usually the piece that fails next.
Leaks also cost more than they look like they cost. A pinhole behind drywall runs for months before anybody finds it, and by the time it turns up the bill is rarely about the pipe.
Here's one from the Serra Park area of Sunnyvale. We got a call about a ceiling leak in a two-story tract house, so we opened up the ceiling and traced the leak to a supply line on the Roman tub. We replaced that line, and while we were in there we added new shut-off valves, because the old ones were rusted and could have caused more leaks down the road. The valves weren't what failed that day. But rusted valves sitting next to a line that had just let go were the next thing likely to, and it made more sense to deal with them once than to come back through that ceiling a second time.
The bigger decision usually starts the same way. Somebody calls about one leak, and it turns into a look at the whole system once the pattern is on the table. If you aren't sure whether you have a bad fitting or a system at the end of its life, leak detection is the cheaper first step. If the problem sits between the meter and the house instead, that's a water line repair instead. Hard water is also why water heaters here need attention earlier than the manufacturer's figures suggest.